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sp3d Hybridization

sp 3 d Hybridization sp 3 d hybridization is shown in phosphorus penta chloride (PCl 5 ). The grounds state and the excited state outer electronic configurations of phosphorus (Z=15) are represented below. Now the five orbitals ( i.e ., one s , three p and one d orbitals) are available for hybridization to yield a set of five sp3d hybrid orbitals which are directed towards the five corners of a trigonal bipyramidal as depicted in the below. It should be noted that tall the bond angles in trigonal bipyramidal geometry are not equivalent. In PCl 5 the five sp 3 d orbitals of phosphorus overlap with the singly occupied p orbitals of chlorine atoms to form five P-Cl sigma bonds. Three P-Cl bond lie in one plane and make an angle of 120 with each other; these bonds are termed as equatorial bonds. The remaining two P-Cl bonds-one lying above and the other lying below the equatorial plane, make an angle of 90 with the plane. These bonds are called axial bonds. As the

C2H4 Hybridization

C 2 H 4 Hybridization In the formation of ethene molecule, one of the sp 2 hybrid orbitals of carbon atom overlaps axially with sp 2 hybridized orbitals of another carbon atom to form C-C sigma bond. While the other two sp 2 hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom are used for making sp 2 -s sigma bond with two hydrogen atoms. The unhybridised orbital (2 p x or 2 p y ) of one carbon atom overlaps sidewise with the similar orbital of the other carbon atom to form weak 𝜋 bond, which consists of two equal electron clouds distributed above and below the plane of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Thus, in ethane molecule, the carbon-carbon bond consists of one sp 2 - sp 2 sigma bond and one pi (𝜋) bond between p orbitals which are not used in the hybridization and are perpendicular to the plane of molecule; the bond length 134 pm. The C-H bond is sp 2 - s sigma with bond length 108 pm. The H-C-H bond angle is 117.6 while the H-C-C angle is 121. The formation of sigma and pi bon

Types of Hybridization

Types of Hybridization There are various types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals. The different types of hybridization are as under. sp hybridization : This type of hybridization involves the mixing of one s and one p orbital resulting in the formation of two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. The suitable orbitals for sp hybridization are s and pz , if the hybrid orbitals are to lie along the z -axis. Each sp hybrid orbitals has 50% s -character and 50% p -character. Such a molecule in which the central atom is sp -hybridized and linked directly to two other central atoms possesses liner geometry. This type of hybridization is also known as diagonal hybridization. The tow sp hybrids point in the opposite direction along the z -axis with projecting positive lobes and very small negative lobes, which provides more effective overlapping resulting in the formation of stronger bonds. Example of molecule having sp hybridization BeCl 2 : The ground state

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